Comparison between cellulose acetate membrane and polycarbonate membrane for the measurements of nutrients and chlorophyll a
ZHANG Yun-yan1,2, LIU Su-mei1,2, SONG Guo-dong1,2
1. Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China;Qingdao collaborative innovation center of marine science and technology, Qingdao 266100, China;
2. Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266100, China
Abstract:In this study,cellulose acetate membrane (0.45 μm) and polycarbonate membrane (0.4 μm) were compared by measuring nutrients in filtrates and chlorophyll a on the filters to explore the differences.Undried cellulose acetate membrane and polycarbonate membrane were both suitable for nutrients measurement with consistent results:there were no significant differences in nitrite,ammonium,dissolved phosphate and dissolved silicate between cellulose acetate membrane and polycarbonate membrane.The difference between these two membranes in nitrate was less than 2%.Dried cellulose acetate membrane introduced more ammonium to seawater samples due to the slow filtration rate.Polycarbonate membrane was more suitable for the determination of chlorophyll a.The retention efficiency of cellulose acetate membrane tends to be lower since it cannot retain the pico-phytoplankton completely.
ZHANG Yun-yan,LIU Su-mei,SONG Guo-dong. Comparison between cellulose acetate membrane and polycarbonate membrane for the measurements of nutrients and chlorophyll a[J]. Marine Environmental Science, 2016, 35(6): 932-937.
OMNES P,SLAWYK G,GARCIA N,et al.Evidence of denitrification and nitrate ammonification in the River Rhone plume (northwestern Mediterranean Sea)[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,1996,141:275-281.
[4]
COSTANZAR,D'ARGE R,DE GROOT R,et al.The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Nature,1997,387(6630):253-260.
[5]
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA).Ecosystems and human well-being:a frameworkfor assessment[M].2nd ed.Washington DC:Island Press,2003.
GRASSHOFF K,EHRHARDT M,KREMLING F.Methods of seawater analysis[M].3rd ed.Weinheim:Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH,1999:27-228.
[9]
BANGE H W. Global change:it's not a gas[J]. Nature,2000,408(6810):301-302.
[10]
KANG S W,OH B C,PARK K S,et al.Near-field dilution of wastewater effluents discharged from submerged ocean outfalls in Masan Bay[J].KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering,1999,3(4):395-405.
[11]
ARMSTRONG F A J,BOALCH G T.The ultra-violet absorption of sea water[J].Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,1961,41(3):591-597.
[12]
LAURSEN A E,SEITZINGER S P.Diurnal patterns of denitrification,oxygen consumption and nitrous oxide production in rivers measured at the whole-reach scale[J].Freshwater Biology,2004,49(11):1448-1458.
[13]
BROWN M A,CLARKSON B D,BARTON B J,et al.Ecological compensation:an evaluation of regulatory compliance in New Zealand[J].Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal,2013,31(1):34-44.
[14]
LIU S M,LI R H,ZHANG G L,et al.The impact of anthropogenic activities on nutrient dynamics in the tropical Wenchanghe and Wenjiaohe Estuary and Lagoon system in East Hainan,China[J].MarineChemistry,2011,125(1/2/3/4):49-68.
RAVISHANKARA A R,DANIEL J S,PORTMANN R W. Nitrous oxide (N2O):the dominant ozone-depleting substance emitted in the 21st century[J].Science,2009,326(5949):123-125.
[20]
IPCC.Climate change 2007:the physical science basis.Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change[M].Cambridge,United Kingdom,New York,NY,USA:Cambridge University Press,2007.
[21]
BURROWS R,NEVES M J V,LARSEN T,et al.European attitude to the disposal of wastewater in the sea:the case for a (European) network for sea outfall research[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,38(10):317-321.
[22]
COLLOS Y,MORNET F,SCIANDRA A,et al.An optical method for the rapid measurement of micromolar concentrations of nitrate in marine phytoplankton cultures[J].Journal of Applied Phycology,1999,11(2):179-184.
[23]
SCHALLER J L,ROYER T V,DAVID M B.Denitrification associated with plants and sediments in an agricultural stream[J].Journal of the North American Benthological Society,2004,23(4):667-676.
AMINOT A,KIRKWOOD D S,KÉROUEL R.Determination of ammonia in seawater by the indophenol-blue method:evaluation of the ICES NUTS I/C 5 questionnaire[J].Marine Chemistry,1997,56(1/2):59-75.
NEVISON C,BUTLER J H,ELKINS J W.Global distribution of N2O and theΔN2O-AOU yield in the subsurface ocean[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2003,17(4),doi:10.1029/2003GB002068.
[43]
ROBERTS P J W,SNYDER W H.Hydraulic model study for Boston Outfall.II:environmental performance[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1993,119(9):988-1002.
[44]
GRACE R A.Marine outfall construction:background,techniques,and case studies[M].Washington,DC:American Society of Civil Engineers,2009.
[45]
BASTIAN R,WEBERLING R,PALILLA F.Ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination of nitrate...application to analysis of alkaline carbonates[J].Analytical Chemistry,1957,29(12):1795-1797.
SILVENNOINEN H,LIIKANEN A,TORSSONEN J,et al.Denitrification and nitrous oxide effluxes in boreal,eutrophic river sediments under increasing nitrate load:a laboratory microcosm study[J].Biogeochemistry,2008,91(2/3):105-116.
[49]
SPARROW S D,MASIAK D T.Errors inanalyses for ammonium and nitrate caused by contamination from filter papers[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1987,51(1):107-110.
KROEZE C,DUMONT E,SEITZINGER S P.New estimates of global emissions of N2O from rivers and estuaries[J].Environmental Sciences,2005,2(2/3):159-165.
[52]
WALTER R A.Mixing in Inland and Coastal waters by Hugo B.Fischer,E.John List; Robert C.Y.Koh; JÖrg Imberger; Norman H.Brooks[J].American Scientist,1980,68(6):692.
BUCK R P,SINGHADEJA S,ROGERS L B.Ultraviolet absorption spectra of some inorganic ions in aqueous solutions[J].Analytical Chemistry,1954,26(7):1240-1242.
[61]
RICHARDSON W B,STRAUSS E A,BARTSCH L A,et al.Denitrification in the Upper Mississippi River:rates,controls,and contribution to nitrate flux[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,2004,61(7):1102-1112.
[62]
DICKSON M L,WHEELER P A.Chlorophyll a concentrations in the North Pacific:does a latitudinal gradient exist?[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1993,38(8):1813-1818.
BANGE H W.Nitrous oxide and methane in European coastal waters[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2006,70(3):361-374.
[65]
DUER M J.Use of variable orifice "duckbill" valves for hydraulic and dilution optimization of multiport diffusers[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,38(10):277-284.
[66]
KUANG C,LEE J H W.Numerical experiments on the mixing of a duckbill valve jet[C]//Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Environmental Hydraulics.Phoenix,US:Arizona State University,2001:23-28.
OGURA N,HANYA T.Nature of ultra-violet absorption of sea water[J].Nature,1966,212(5063):758.
[72]
VAN KESSEL J F.Factors affecting the denitrification rate in two water-sediment systems[J].Water Research,1977,11(3):259-267.
[73]
KNEFELKAMP B,CARSTENS K,WILTSHIRE K H.Comparison of different filter types onchlorophyll-a retention and nutrient measurements[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,2007,345(1):61-70.