Abstract:Two surveys were investigated in Qinzhou bay during April and September 2015 for collecting the surface seawater information on 18 environmental indicators including temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, chlorophyll a, petroleum hydrocarbon, nutrients and heavy metal. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to analyze the collected data, and the potential driving variables effect the water quality were assessed. Four principal components were extracted from the 18 environmental variables, which explained 73.68% of the total variance in the original data set. The PCA indicated that pollution was more serious in the inner bay (Maowei sea) than that in the outer bay. The most serious pollution was in April, followed by September. River input, aquaculture, phytoplankton growth, and hydrodynamics might be the significant factors influencing the spatial-temporal variation of water quality in Qinzhou bay. The correlation analysis suggested that total nitrogen, salinity, pH, Cd and Zn were the main factors influencing the water quality. Terrestrial inputs and aquaculture activities were the main sources of the Maowei sea pollution. Management measures should be taken to protect environments along the Qinjiang River and Maolingjiang River and plan scientifically cultivation scale in order to improve the water quality in the Qinzhou bay.
YANG Bin,FANG Huai-yi,XU Li-li et al. Spatio-temporal variation characteristics and driving factors of water pollution in Qinzhou bay[J]. Marine Environmental Science, 2017, 36(6): 877-883.
SANTORO A E,FRANCIS C A,DE SIEYES N R,et al.Shifts in the relative abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea across physicochemical gradients in a subterranean estuary[J].Environmental Microbiology,2008,10(4):1068-1079.
[5]
WANG Y S,LOU Z P,SUN CC,et al.Ecological environment changes in Daya Bay,China,from 1982 to 2004[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2008,56(11):1871-1879.
WESSÉN E,NYBERG K,JANSSON J K,et al.Responses of bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers to soil organic and fertilizer amendments under long-term management[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2010,45(3):193-200.
[10]
LAZNIK M,STALNACKE P,GRIMVALL A,et al.Riverine input of nutrients to the Gulf of Riga-temporal and spatial variation[J].Journal of Marine Systems,1999,23(1):11-25.
YAMADA N,TSURUSHIMA N,SUZUMURA M.Effects of seawater acidification by ocean CO2 sequestration on bathypelagic prokaryote activities[J].Journal of Oceanography,2010,66(4):571-580.
[18]
LOSKA K,WIECHULA D.Application of principal component analysis for the estimation of source of heavy metal contamination in surface sediments from the RybnikReservoir[J].Chemosphere,2003,51(8):723-733.
[19]
MARTENS-HABBENA W,BERUBE P M,URAKAWA H,et al.Ammonia oxidation kinetics determine niche separation of nitrifying Archaea and Bacteria[J].Nature,2009,461(7266):976-979.
[20]
YUNKER M B,MACDONLD R W,VELTKAMP D J,et al.Terrestrial and marine biomarkers in a seasonally ice-covered Arctic estuary-integration of multivariate and biomarker approaches[J].Marine Chemistry,1995,49(1):1-50.
[21]
HATZENPICHLER R,LEBEDEVA E V,SPIECK E,et al.A moderately thermophilic ammonia-oxidizing crenarchaeote from a hot spring[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2008,105(6):2134-2139.
[22]
SHINE J P,IKA R V,FORD T E.Multivariate statistical examination of spatial and temporal patterns of heavy metal contamination in New Bedford Harbor marinesediments[J].Environmental Science & Technology,1995,29(7):1781-1788.
[23]
STEIN L Y,YUNG Y L.Production,isotopic composition,and atmospheric fate of biologically produced nitrous oxide[J].Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,2003,31(31):329-356.
[24]
PERKINS R G,UNDERWOOD G J C.Gradients of chlorophyll a and water chemistry along an eutrophic reservoir with determination of the limiting nutrient by in situ nutrientaddition[J].Water Research,2000,34(3):713-724.
[25]
TOYODA S,YOSHIDA N.Determination of nitrogen isotopomers of nitrous oxide on a modified isotope ratio mass spectrometer[J].Analytical Chemistry,1999,71(20):4711-4718.
[26]
YANG B,YANG G P,LU X L,et al.Distributions and sources of volatilechlorocarbons and bromocarbons in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2015,95(1):491-502.
[27]
HINK L,NICOL G W,PROSSER J I.Archaea produce lower yields of N2O than bacteria during aerobic ammonia oxidation in s-oil[J].Environmental Microbiology,2016,DOI:10.1111/1462-2920.13282.
[28]
YANG B,CAO L,LIU S M,et al.Biogeochemistry of bulk organic matter and biogenic elements in surface sediments of the Yangtze River Estuary and adjacent sea[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2015,96(1):471-484.
[29]
WOLD S,ESBENSEN K,GELADI P.Principal componentanalysis[J].Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems,1987,2(1-3):37-52.
[30]
MEGLEN RR.Examining large databases:a chemometric approach using principal component analysis[J].Marine Chemistry,1992,39(1-3):217-237.
[31]
KAISER H F.The application of electronic computers to factoranalysis[J].Educational and Psychological Measurement,1960,20,141-151.
[32]
LUNDBERG C,LONNROTH M,VON NUMERS M,et al.A multivariate assessment of coastal eutrophication.Examples from the Gulf of Finland,northern Baltic Sea[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2005,50(11):1185-1196.
GLE C,DEL AMO Y,SAUTOUR B,et al.Variability of nutrients and phytoplankton primary production in a shallowmacrotidal coastal ecosystem (Arcachon Bay,France)[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2008,76(3):642-656.
[37]
SCHALLES J F,GITELSON AA,YACOBI Y Z,et al.Estimation of chlorophyll a from time series measurements of high spectral resolution reflectance in an eutrophic lake[J].Journal of Phycology,1998,34(2):383-390.
MATTHIESSEN P,REED J,JOHNSON M.Sources and potential effects of copper and zinc concentrations in the estuarine waters of Essex and Suffolk,United Kingdom[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,1999,38(10):908-920.