Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediment samples by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry
ZHANG Yu-feng1,2,3, SONG Yong-gang2,3, YANG Shuang2,3, TIAN Jin2,3, YU Cai-fen2,3, WU Jin-hao2,3
1. College of Chemistry and Chemical engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China;
2. Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian 116023, China;
3. Liaoning Ocean Environment Monitoring Station, Dalian 116023, China
Abstract：A method of gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was developed for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine sediments, and isotope dilution was introduced to quantification of PAHs. The results were compared with those obtained by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The more accurate quantification results, and better selectivity and sensitivity of PAHs were obtained with GC-MS/MS than GC-MS. The recoveries of spiked samples ranged from 71% to 105%, the recoveries of 16 deuterated-PAHs ranged from 55% to 101%. The GC-MS/MS method was applied to analyzing the real marine sediment of Liaodong bay, and the results showed that the relative standard deviation of parallel samples ranged from 2.2% to 4.9%, and the concentration of individual PAHs in sediment samples ranged from 0.25×10-9 (dry weight) to 30.1×10-9 (dry weight).
ZHANG Yu-feng,SONG Yong-gang,YANG Shuang et al. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediment samples by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry[J]. Marine Environmental Science, 2017, 36(3): 468-473.
DOUBEN P E T.Chapter 2.The Sources,Transport,and Fate of PAHs in the Marine Environment[M]//LATIMER J S,ZHENG J S,eds.PAHs:An Ecotoxicological Perspective.New York:John Wiley & Sons,Ltd,2003:7-33.
[2]
BARBOTTIN A,TICHIT M,CADET C,et al.Accuracy and cost of models predicting bird distribution in agricultural grasslands[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2010,136(1/2):28-34.
MALEA P,CHATZIAPOSTOLOU A,KEVREKIDIS T.Trace element seasonality in marine macroalgae of different functional-form groups[J].Marine Environmental Research,2015,103:18-26.
LUMBORG U.Modelling the deposition,erosion,and flux of cohesive sediment through Øresund[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2005,56(1/2):179-193.
[9]
HUANG B Q,HU J,XU H Z,et al.Phytoplankton community at warm eddies in the northern South China Sea in winter 2003/2004[J].Deep Sea Research Part Ⅱ:Topical Studies in Oceanography,2010,57(19/20):1792-1798.
[10]
LIU S G,LOU S,KUANG C P,et al.Water quality assessment by pollution-index method in the coastal waters of Hebei Province in western Bohai Sea,China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(10):2220-2229.
BEAUGRAND G,IBAÑEZ F,REID P C.Spatial,seasonal and long-term fluctuations of plankton in relation to hydroclimatic features in the English Channel,Celtic Sea and Bay of Biscay[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2000,200:93-102.
VIERO D P,DEFINA A.Water age,exposure time,and local flushing time in semi-enclosed,tidal basins with negligible freshwater in flow[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2015,156:16-29.
[17]
ZHAO R,HYNES S,HE G S.Defining and quantifying China's ocean economy[J].Marine Policy,2014,43:164-173.
[18]
国家发展改革委,国家海洋局.中国海洋经济发展报告2016[R].北京:海洋出版社,2016.
[19]
FRANKIC A,HERSHNER C.Sustainable aquaculture:developing the promise of aquaculture[J].Aquaculture International,2003,11(6):517-530.
[20]
HÁKANSON L.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control:a sedimentological approach[J].Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[21]
赵一阳,鄢明才.中国浅海沉积物地球化学[M].北京:科学出版社,1994:198-200.
[22]
LI Y H,LI P,MA W D,et al.Spatial and temporal distribution and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface seawater from the Haikou Bay,China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2015,92(1/2):244-251.
BROTONS L,DE CÁCERES M,FALLA,et al.Modeling bird species distribution change in fire prone Mediterranean landscapes:incorporating species dispersal and landscape dynamics[J].Ecography,2012,35(5):458-467.
NAKOINZ O,KNITTER D.Location andcharacterisation[M]//NAKOINZ O,KNITTER D.Modelling Human Behaviour in Landscapes.Switzerland:Springer International Publishing,2016:107-127.
SIEBURTH J M,SMETACEK V,LENZ J.Pelagic ecosystem structure:heterotrophic compartments of the plankton and their relationship to plankton size fractions[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1978,23(6):1256-1263.
[30]
PARSONS T R,MAITA Y,LALLI C M.A manual of chemical and biological methods for seawater analysis[M].London:Pergamon Press,1984:78-83.
ZHANG Y B,LI Y,SHI F,et al.Seasonal and spatial variation in species diversity,abundance,and element accumulation capacities of macroalgae in mangrove forests of Zhanjiang,China[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2014,33(8):73-82.
FOURNIOTIS N T,HORSCH G M. Three-dimensional numerical simulation of wind-induced barotropic circulation in the Gulf of Patras[J].Ocean Engineering,2010,37(4):355-364.
[47]
SIMON N,BARLOW R G,MARIE D,et al.Characterization of oceanic photosyntheticpicoeukaryotes by flow cytometry[J].Journal of Phycology,1994,30(6):922-935.
[48]
ZHANG Q C,QIU L M,YU R C,et al.Emergence of brown tides caused by Aureococcus anophagefferens Hargraves et Sieburth in China[J].Harmful Algae,2012,19:117-124.
HATCHER A,GRANT J,SCHOFIELD B.Effects of suspended mussel culture (Mytilus spp.) on sedimentation,benthic respiration and sediment nutrient dynamics in a coastal bay[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,1994,115:219-235.
NEWELL R I E.Ecosystem influences of natural and cultivated populations of suspension-feeding bivalve molluscs:a review[J].Journal of Shellfish Research,2004,23(1):51-61.
ATICI T,OBALI O,ALTINDA? A,et al.The accumulation of heavy metals (Cd,Pb,Hg,Cr) and their state in phytoplanktonic algae and zooplanktonic organisms in Beysehir Lake and Mogan Lake,Turkey[J].African Journal of Biotechnology,2012,9(4):475-487.
[74]
GIANNI A,ZACHARIAS I.Modeling the hydrodynamic interactions of deep anoxic lagoons with their sourcebasins[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2012,110:157-167.
[75]
TAO J F,ZHANG C K,YAO J,et al. Numerical simulation of tides and tidal currents in Jiangsu offshore areas,China[C]//Proceedings of 19th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. Osaka:ISOPE,2009:1243-1247.
BARLOW R G,MANTOURA R F C,GOUGH M A,et al.Pigment signatures of the phytoplankton composition in the northeastern Atlantic during the 1990 spring bloom[J].Deep Sea Research Part Ⅱ:Topical Studies in Oceanography,1993,40(1/2):459-477.
[79]
ODDO P,PINARDI N.Lateral open boundary conditions for nested limited area models:A scale selective approach[J].Ocean Modelling,2008,20(2):134-156.
PIELOU E.The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections[J].Journal of Theoretical Biology,1966,13:131-144.
[83]
LEPŠ J,ŠMILAUER P.Multivariate analysis of ecological data using CANOCO[M].Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,2003:149-162.
[84]
ZIMMERMAN J T F.Mixing and flushing of tidal embayments in the western Dutch Wadden Sea Part I:Distribution of salinity and calculation of mixing time scales[J].Netherlands Journal of Sea Research,1976,10(2):149-191.
[85]
HESTON S L,ROUWENHORST K G.Does Industrial structure explain the benefits of international diversification?[J].Journal of Financial Economics,1994,36(1):3-27.
[86]
YUAN X T,ZHANG M J,LIANG Y B,et al.Self-pollutant loading from a suspension aquaculture system of Japanese scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) in the Changhai sea area,Northern Yellow Sea,China[J].Aquaculture,2010,304(1/2/3/4):79-87.
[87]
FERNANDES M B,SICRE M A,BOIREAU A,et al.Polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) distributions in the Seine River and its estuary[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,1997,34(11):857-867.
[88]
NADEAU C P,CONWAY C J,SMITH B S,et al.Maximizing detection probability of wetland-dependent birds during point-count surveys in northwestern Florida[J].The Wilson Journal of Ornithology,2008,120(3):513-518.
[89]
PAERL H W,OTTEN T G.Harmful cyanobacterial blooms:causes,consequences,and controls[J].Microbial Ecology,2013,65(4):995-1010.
[90]
MALEA P,KEVREKIDIS T.Trace element patterns in marine macroalgae[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,494/495:144-157.
XU F,TAO J F,ZHOU Z,et al. Mechanisms underlying the regional morphological differences between the northern and southern radial sand ridges along the Jiangsu Coast,China[J].Marine Geology,2016,371:1-17.
[96]
XING F,WANG Y P,WANG H V. Tidal hydrodynamics and fine-grained sediment transport on the radial sand ridge system in the southern Yellow Sea[J].Marine Geology,2012,291/292/293/294:192-210.
[97]
WRIGHT S W,THOMAS D P,MARCHANT H J,et al.Analysis of phytoplankton of the Australian sector of the Southern Ocean:Comparisons of microscopy and size frequency data with interpretations of pigment HPLC data using the ‘CHEMTAX’ matrix factorisationprogram[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,1996,144:285-298.
[98]
ALLEN J I,SOMERFIELD P J,GILBERT F J.Quantifying uncertainty in high-resolution coupled hydrodynamic-ecosystem models[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2007,64(1/2/3/4):3-14.
[99]
CHUCO T D.Dynamic integrated modelling of basic water quality and fate and effect of organic contaminants in rivers[D].Belgium:Ghent University,2004.
LACOUL P,FREEDMAN B.Relationships between aquatic plants and environmental factors along a steep Himalayan altitudinal gradient[J].Aquatic Botany,2006,84(1):3-16.
DELEERSNIJDER E,CAMPIN J M,DELHEZ E J M.The concept of age in marine modelling:I.Theory and preliminary model results[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2001,28(3/4):229-267.
[109]
ROLL R.Industrial structure and the comparative behavior of international stock market indices[J].Journal of Finance,1992,47(1):3-41.
[110]
BAUDINET D,ALLIOT E,BERLAND B,et al.Incidence of mussel culture on biogeochemical fluxes at the sediment-water interface[J].Hydrobiologia,1990,207(1):187-196.
[111]
LIU L Y,WANG J Z,WEI G L,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in continental shelf sediment of China:Implications for anthropogenic influences on coastal marine environment[J].Environmental Pollution,2012,167:155-162.
[112]
HENGL T,HEUVELINK G B M,STEIN A.A generic framework for spatial prediction of soil variables based on regression-kriging[J].Geoderma,2004,120(1/2):75-93.
ASTORGA-ESPAÑA M S,CALISTO-ULLOA N C,GUERRERO S.Baseline concentrations of trace metals in macroalgae from the Strait of Magellan,Chile[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2008,80(2):97-101.
[117]
ANDERSEN R A,BIDIGARE R R,KELLER M D,et al.A comparison of HPLC pigment signatures and electron microscopic observations for oligotrophic waters of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans[J].Deep Sea Research Part Ⅱ:Topical Studies in Oceanography,1996,43(2/3):517-537.
[118]
WANG R,ZUO T,WANG K.The yellow sea cold bottom water-an oversummering site for Calanus sinicus (Copepoda,Crustacea)[J].Journal of Plankton Research,2003,25(2):169-183.
ZHANG W G,WILKIN J L,SCHOFIELD O M E.Simulation of water age and residence time in New York Bight[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,2010,40(5):965-982.
[130]
VAN DIJK R,KEIJZER T.Region,sector and style selection in global equity markets[J].Journal of Asset Management,2004,4(5):293-307.
MALLET A L,CARVER C E,LANDRY T.Impact of suspended and off-bottom Eastern oyster culture on the benthic environment in eastern Canada[J].Aquaculture,2006,255(1/2/3/4):362-373.
SÁNCHEZ-FLORES,E.GARP modeling of natural and human factors affecting the potential distribution of theinvasives Schismus arabicus and Brassica tournefortii in ‘El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar’ Biosphere Reserve[J].Ecological Modelling,2007,204(3/4):457-474.
LI Y,GAO Y H,CHEN C P,et al.Nanoneis,a newly recorded diatom genus from China and Nanoneis longta sp.nov.[J].Acta Botanica Sinica,2004,46(7):788-792.
[142]
KRAVTSOVA A,MILCHAKOVA N,FRONTASYEVA M.Elemental accumulation in the black sea brown algae cystoseira studied by neutron activation analysis[J].Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S,2014,21(1):9-23.
[143]
GIESKES W W C,KRAAY G W.Dominance of Cryptophyceae during the phytoplankton spring bloom in the central North Sea detected by HPLC analysis of pigments[J].Marine Biology,1983,75(2/3):179-185.
[144]
TANG Q.Ocean ecosystem dynamics[J].Globec International Newsletter,1999,1(5):7-8.
REN Y H,LIN B L,SUN J,et al.Predicting water age distribution in the Pearl River Estuary using a three-dimensional model[J].Journal of Marine Systems,2014,139:276-287.
[148]
NIZZOLI D,WELSH D T,FANO E A,et al.Impact of clam and mussel farming on benthic metabolism and nitrogen cycling,with emphasis on nitrate reduction pathways[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2006,315:151-165.
[an error occurred while processing this directive] | [an error occurred while processing this directive]
